A study on a sulfur spring (Ain Al Kibrit) ecosystem along Tigris River Mosul, Iraq
Keywords:
Temperature, pH, Electrical conductivity, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Sulfate, PhytoplanktonAbstract
Ain Al Kibrit sulfur spring along Tigris River in contrast with two other stations, before and after the input to the Tigris River were studied. Some chemical, physical parameters (water temperature, pH, EC, alkalinity, total hardness, and sulfate) and total number of phytoplankton were studied during 2003-2004. Samples were taken from the spring, inlet, and outlet along the Tigris River. The results show 5-20 fold differences between stations in almost all parameters, whereas, thermostatic conditions were confirmed in Ain Al Kibrit (24±1). In contrast, the total number of phytoplankton when observed to be fifty folds less in Ain Al Kibrit. This study may be regarded as a first attempt to deal with such factors in this area.
Downloads
References
Abdul-Jabbar, R.A. (1981). An ecological study on lesser Zab. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
Al-Asho, M.O. (1987). Engineering Geology. Ministry of Higher Education. University of Mosul, Iraq.
Al-Barzingy, Y.O.M. (1995). Phycological study within Erbil Province. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Salahaddin - Erbil, Iraq.
Al-Lami, A.A. (1986). Ecological study on phytoplankton on some marsh regions Southern Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Basrah, Iraq.
Al-Mandel, F.A.M. (2005). Ecological and Limnological study on phytoplankton regulatory Mosul Dam Lake. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mosul, Iraq.
Al-Mashhadani, Y.D., Tallee, A.Y. & Al-Hafouzi, S.M. (1989). Groundwater that extended between Mosul city and Bashiqa district. Journal of Education and Sciences, 9: 11-21.
Al-Nimma, B.A. & Maulood, B.K. (1992). A study on the distribution of algae in some thermal springs in Nineveh province, Iraq. J. Ibn Al-Haitham, 3(2): 1-9.
Al-Nimma, B.A.B. (1982). A Study on the limnology of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Salahaddin - Erbil, Iraq.
Al-Refai, M.H.M. (2005). Assess the quality of the water basin and bitter valley and its impact on the quality of the Tigris River water. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mosul, Iraq.
Al-Saadi, H.A., Hadi, R.A. & Hug, M.F. (1976). Preliminary studies on phytoplankton of northwest RSA. (I) Related environmental factors, Chlorophyll content and phytoplankton species. Bangladesh J. Bot., 5(1): 9-21.
Al-Saadi, H.A., Al-Lami, A.A. & Kassim, T.I. (1996). Algal ecology and composition in the Garmat-Ali river, Iraq. Regul. Rivers: Res. Mgmt., 12(1): 27–38.
Al-Safawi, A.Y. (2006). Environmental pollution of the city of Mosul and methods of treatment. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Mosul, Iraq.
Al-Sanjari, M.F.M. (2001). Environmental study of the Tigris River in the city of Mosul. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mosul, Iraq.
Al-Sawaf, F.D.S. (1977). Sulfate reduction and sulfur deposition in the Lower Fars Formation, northern Iraq. Econ. Geol., 72(4): 608–618. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.72.4.608.
Al-Shahwani, S.M.H. (1980). A study on the primary productivity of Serchinar spring. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Sulaimani, Iraq.
Andrews, J.N. (1991). Radioactivity and dissolved gases in the thermal water of Bath. In: Kellaway, G.A. (Ed), The hot springs of Bath: Investigations of the thermal waters of the Avon valley. Bath: Bath City Council, pp. 157–170.
APHA (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th edition, American Public Health Association, Washington. D.C.
Bapeer, U.H.K. (2004). Ecological Study on the Distribution of Algae in Different Aquatic Habitats within Erbil Province. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Salahaddin - Erbil, Iraq.
Baradács, E., Hunyadi, I., Dezső, Z., Csige, I. & Szerbin, P. (2001). 226Ra in geothermal and bottled mineral waters of Hungary. Radiat. Meas., 34(1): 385–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(01)00191-3.
Bilbas, A.H.A. (2004). Phycolimnological study on some springs within Erbil province. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Salahaddin, Iraq.
Darley, W.M. (1982). Algal Biology: a physiological approach. Basic Microbiology, Vol. 9, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, pp. 168.
Ganjo, D.G.A. (1997). An Ecological study on Ruwandiz river path within Erbil province, Iraq. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Salahaddin, Iraq.
Goldman, C.R. & Horne, A.J. (1983). Limnology. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. pp. 464.
Goldman, C.R. & Horne, A.J. (1983). Limnology. International Student Edition. McGraw-Hill International Book Company.
Hasssan, F.I.M. (2001). Limited to the impact of the increase of algae in the Tigris River and its impact on the filter stations in the city of Mosul. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mosul, Iraq.
Helweg, O.J. (2000). Water Supply and Groundwater Issues in Developing Countries. Water Int., 25(1): 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060008686795.
Hinton, G.C.F. & Maulood, B.K. (1980). Some diatoms from brackish water habitats in Southern Iraq. Nova Hedwigia 33: 487–497.
Ibrahim, A.M.K.A. (1981). Study on algal ecology of springs in Sulaymaniyah province. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.
Jamel, A.A., Fazel, L. & Talee, A.Y. (1990). The study of qualitative characteristics of some water sources in Tamim province and its suitability for civil and industrial uses, irrigation. Second scientific conference of the Center for Saddam, University of Mosul, Dam Research, Iraq.
Kana, A.M.A. (2001). Typical study of sulfur Groundwater in Mosul province. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Mosul, Iraq.
Khamese, H.S. & Ayoub, M.H. (1989). Biological fresh water. Higher Education Press in Mosul, Iraq.
Lund, J.W. (2000). Balneological use of thermal water in the USA. GHC Quarterly Bulletin, 21(3): 31-34.
Maulood, B.K. & Hinton, G.C.F. (1980). A study on the pollution ecology of Kliassan river with particular reference to Sulaimaniyah sugar factory. Zanco Series A Pure and Applied Sciences, 6(1): 97-124.
Maulood, B.K. & Al-Saadi, H.A. (1990). Aquatic Ecology in Southern Iraq. Eleventh Scientific Conference of Iraq. Biology. Soc. Basrah, 27 Feb-2 March 1990.
Muhammad, S.A.M. (2004). An ecological study on the Aquatic life of Sarchnar spring, Chaq-chaq and Kliassan streams, Sulaimani, Kurdistan region of Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Sulaimani, Iraq.
Odum, E.P. (1971). Fundamentals of ecology. 3rd edn., W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, pp. 574.
Raoof, I.Y. (2002). A phycolimnological study on Duhok impoundment and its main Watershed. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Dohuk, Iraq.
Sawyer, C.N. & McCarty, P.L. (1978). Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Tallee, A.Y.I. & Al-Qazaz, Kh.N. (1997). A study of some chemical properties to assess Khosr River water for irrigation. Fourth Scientific Conference. Saddam Center for Research.
Tallee, A.Y., Al-Qazaz, Kh.N., Khalil, M.A. & Salim, M.S. (1994). Khosr River water pollution and its impact on the Tigris River water quality at the center of the city of Mosul. Journal of River Engineering, 3: 45-56.
Tallee, A.Y., Ibrahim, A. & Safawi, N.T. (2002). The study of groundwater quality Alkonsah village and suitability for domestic use. Journal of Education, Science, 4: 19-29.
Talling, J.F. (1980). Phytoplankton. In: Rzóska, J. (Ed.), Euphrates and Tigris, Mesopotamian Ecology and Destiny. Vol. 38. Monographiae Biologica, Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers, The Hague, pp. 81-86.
Todd, D.K. (1980). Groundwater Hydrology. 2nd edn., John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Wetzel, R.G. (1983). Limnology. 2nd Edition (Complete Revision), Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, pp. 858.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 The author(s) retains the copyright of this article.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
